AATCC 130-2010: Soil Release - Oily Stain Release is a method of measuring the ability of fabrics to release oily stains during home laundering and is primarily used by fabric finishers to evaluate the likely performance of soil release finishes in actual use. In the test, an oil stain is applied and forced into the fabric. The stained fabric is then laundered and evaluated against a stain release replicate.
AATCC 130: Stain Release (Betadine) Modified Cleaning is a method of measuring the ability of fabrics to resist staining induced by betadine. In the test, betadine is applied to a piece of fabric and allowed to set for 60 minutes. After the elapsed time period, a white cloth is wetted with various cleaning solutions, and the stain is spot cleaned. After the stained and cleaned material has been allowed to dry, it is evaluated by comparing it with photos of previously stained replicas.
AATCC 130: Stain Release (Bleach) Modified Cleaning is a method of measuring the ability of fabrics to resist staining induced by bleach. In the test, bleach is applied to two pieces of material and allowed to set for a period of both 5 minutes and 24 hours. After the elapsed time periods, the stained area is spot cleaned by using Ivory liquid soap. After the material has been cleaned and dried, it is evaluated by comparing it with photos of previously stained replicas.
AATCC 130: Stain Release (Color Fastness to Disinfectant) Modified Cleaning is a method of measuring the ability of fabrics to resist staining induced by hospital-grade disinfectant cleaner. In the test, the hospital-grade disinfectant is applied to a piece of material and allowed to set for 24 hours. After the elapsed time period, the dried residue is removed and neutralized with distilled water. The discolored material is evaluated by comparing it with photos of previously stained replicas.
AATCC 157: Colorfastness to Solvent Spotting - Modified as to Solvent Used involves attaching a 1" x 1" test specimen to the center of a 6" x 6" square of white blotting paper. A 1.5 ml of cleaning solution is placed onto the test specimen. After air drying, the blotter paper is evaluated for staining/color transfer by using a 9-step chromatic transfer scale.
AATCC 16: Colorfastness to Light is a method of determining the colorfastness to light of textile materials. In the test, a test specimen is placed in a testing mask with part of the sample exposed and part covered as a control. The testing mask is then loaded in a fadometer holder and placed in a rack in the fadometer for exposure. The test specimen is then exposed to a customer requested amount of AATCC fading units, measured in hours. After the process, the change in color is evaluated. There are two different AATCC 16 test method options and the only difference between the two is the light source being used. In AATCC 16 Option 1 a carbon-arc lamp is used as the light source and in AATCC 16 Option 3 a xenon-arc lamp is used. A grade 5 result signifies no fading, grade 4 signifies slight fading, and grade 1 signifies a high degree of fading.
AATCC 8: Colorfastness to Crocking is a method of determining the amount of color transferred from the surface of colored textile materials to other surfaces by rubbing. In the test, a colored test specimen is rubbed with white crock test cloth under controlled conditions. Color transferred to the white test cloth is assessed by a comparison with the Gray Scale for staining or the Chromatic Transference Scale and a grade is assigned. To test for wet crocking, the standard fabric is wet before rubbing against the test fabric. A grade 5 result signifies no color transfer and a grade 1 signifies a high degree of color transfer.
AATCC 96: Dimensional Change to Commercial Laundering is a method of rating the dimensional changes of woven and knitted fabrics made of fibers other than wool when subjected to laundering procedures. Typical tests performed are those that measure dimensional changes, sagging, wrinkling, and stain release.
The wearing away of any part of a material by rubbing against another surface. Most commonly, a fabric's resistance to abrasion is rated by using either the Martindale test or Wyzenbeek test. At the end of either testing period, three types of changes are looked for: mass loss, color change, and hole formation or yarn breakage. The earlier these changes occur, the poorer the fabric's resistance to abrasion. The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) has set allowable thresholds for acceptable abrasion results, ranging from 15,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method (20,000 cycles Martindale method) for general contract upholstery, to 30,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method (40,000 cycles Martindale method) for heavy-duty upholstery to 50,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for heavy-duty coated upholstery fabrics. Often extreme wear situations may require higher level abrasion resistance, for example, 24-hour facilities and public gathering places such as theaters, stadiums, lecture halls, etc. ACT strongly suggests that double rubs exceeding 100,000 are not meaningful in providing additional value in use. Higher abrasion results do not necessarily indicate a significant extension in the life of the fabric.
Abrasion - General Contract Upholstery is the measure of a fabric's surface wear caused by rubbing and contact with another fabric.
ASTM D4157 (ACT approved #10 cotton duck) or 15,000 double rubs, Wyzenbeek method
ASTM D4966 (12KPa pressure) or 20,000 cycles, Martindale method
Abrasion - Heavy Duty Upholstery is the measure of a fabric's surface wear caused by rubbing and contact with another fabric.
Heavy Duty Upholstery - Woven Fabrics: ASTM D4157 (ACT approved #10 cotton duck) or 30,000 double rubs, Wyzenbeek method; ASTM D4966 (12KPa pressure) or 40,000 cycles, Martindale method
Heavy Duty Upholstery - Coated Fabrics: ASTM D4157 (ACT approved #10 cotton duck or wire screen) or 50,000 double rubs, Wyzenbeek method
Print Retention - Applicable for Printed Coated Fabrics: ASTM D3389 (modified to evaluate visual determination or print loss), rating of 3 or higher using the ACT photographic scale of approved replicas using an H-18 wheel, 250 grams, 250 cycles.
An acetate fiber is a semi-synthetic fiber that is produced from plant matter known as cellulose. The cellulose that is used to make acetate fabric is most often sourced from wood pulp, which is then processed with a chemicals into a liquid and regenerated into a fiber.
Acrylic Backings are used for both upholstery and wall applications. The same chemical components are used for application, the only difference between the two is the thickness applied to the textile.
An acrylic fiber is a synthetic fiber containing at least 85 percent acrylonitrile. Acrylic fibers are typically manufactured as a filament, cut in to short staple lengths, and spun into yarn.
Acrylonitrile is a colorless liquid often used as a monomer for the manufacture of plastics.
Aegis® Microbe Shield is a silane-based antimicrobial agent that can be used both as a topical finish and as a fiber or polymer additive. Aegis Microbe Shield is a registered trademark of Microban International, Ltd. and its subsidiaries.
Agion® Silver Antimicrobial is a branded silver-based antimicrobial agent that can be used both in a finish and as a fiber additive. It utilizes ionic silver technology, not a nanosilver technology, and helps prevent the growth of microorganisms. Agion is a registered trademark of Sciessent LLC.
The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) is a nonprofit organization providing test method development, quality control materials, education, and professional networking for its members, which include manufacturers of textiles, apparel, and home goods; dye and chemical manufacturers; testing laboratories; consumer and retail organizations; state and federal government agencies; and colleges and universities. AATCC is internationally recognized for its standard methods of testing fibers and fabrics to measure and evaluate such performance characteristics as colorfastness, appearance, soil release, dimensional change, and water resistance.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes, systems, and personnel in the United States. ANSI also coordinates US standards with international standards so that American products can be used worldwide. By accrediting standards that are developed by representatives of other standards organizations, government agencies, consumer groups, etc., ANSI helps to ensure that the characteristics and performance of products are consistent, that products are tested to the same standards, and that consistent definitions and terms for products are used.
Anion is an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a net negative charge.
An antibacterial is an agent that interferes with the growth and reproduction of bacteria. An antibacterial is not a disinfectant; disinfectants are used to destroy microorganisms.
An antimicrobial is an agent that interferes with the growth and reproduction of microbes. Microbes are living organisms that multiply frequently and spread rapidly. Common examples of microbes are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Antimicrobial products disinfect, sanitize, reduce, or mitigate the development of microbiological organisms and protect inanimate objects from contamination, fouling, or deterioration caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, or slime.
Antimicrobial chitosan is a nontoxic carbohydrate produced from shrimp and lobster shells. It has natural antimicrobial properties and helps prevent the growth of microorganisms.
An antimicrobial finish is an applied finish that helps prevent the growth of microorganisms.
Bio-based antimicrobial agents eliminate the traditional organotin technology and heavy metals typically used as antimicrobial agents.
This is an applied finish with a fluorocarbon-based stain-resistant chemistry and antimicrobial that helps to both prevent the growth of microorganisms and aid in stain resistance.
This is an applied finish and backing combination with a fluorocarbon-based stain-resistant chemistry and antimicrobial agent that helps prevent the growth of microorganisms and aids in stain resistance and moisture absorption.
The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT), founded in 1985, is a non-profit professional trade association of companies involved in the design, development, production, and promotion of textiles for commercial interiors. ACT is responsible for establishing and promoting voluntary and environmental guidelines; monitoring and reporting legislation affecting the textile industry, creating lobbying efforts where necessary; supporting textile design education and vocation; serving as a forum for design professionals to provide input regarding the use of textiles for commercial interiors; and serving as the definitive resource for contract textile information and education. Currently the membership of the association includes principal members, furniture associate members, industry partners, and individuals.
ASTM 4966: Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics is a means of testing a fabric's abrasion durability and suitability; it is also known as a "rub test" and is generally performed in the UK and Europe. In the Martindale method of testing abrasion, fabric samples are held mounted flat and rubbed in a figure-eight motion using a piece of worsted wool as the abradant. The number of cycles that the fabric can endure before fabric shows objectionable changes in appearance (yarn breakage, pilling, holes) is counted and the number of cycles determines the abrasion rating.
The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) has set allowable thresholds for acceptable abrasion results, ranging from 20,000 cycles Martindale method for general contract upholstery, to 40,000 cycles Martindale method for heavy-duty upholstery. Often extreme wear situations may require higher level abrasion resistance, for example, 24-hour facilities and public gathering places such as theaters, stadiums, lecture halls, etc.
ASTM D1308: Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and Pigmented Organic Finishes involves using one of three methods (spot test: covered, spot test: open, and immersion). A small stain is placed on the material. After a time interval, as agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller, the spot is wiped clean and examined for return of original properties. A battery of different stains can be used, ranging from food stains, ink stains, cosmetics and cleaning products to blood and urine. Determining the stains to test depends on the customer and can be modified based on the product’s end-use (e.g., restaurant, hospital, pool area).
ASTM D2261: Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure is a method of measuring the tearing strength of fabrics. In this test method, a cut is made into a rectangular specimen, which starts a tear. By cutting the material, two "tongues" are formed. A reference line is drawn to indicate the point to tear, and one tongue is placed in the upper jaw of the machine, while the other tongue is placed in the lower jaw of the machine. As the test is run, the jaws move apart and the fabric tears along the precut segment. The resulting data reflects the strength of the yarns, fiber bonds, and fiber interlocks as well as their resistance to tearing.
ASTM D3389: Print Retention for Printed Coated Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader - "Taber Test") is a method of testing a coated fabric's abrasion durability and suitability. In the Taber Rotary Platform Abrader, a specimen is mounted to a turntable platform that rotates at a fixed speed. Two abrasive wheels, which are applied at specific pressure, are lowered onto the specimen surface. As the turntable rotates, the wheels are driven by the sample in opposite directions about a horizontal axis displaced tangentially from the axis of the sample. One abrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery, and the other rubs inward toward the center, while a vacuum system removes loose debris during testing. Each turntable has two abrading arms that operate independently, and each arm is loaded for 250, 500, and 1,000 grams of pressure against the specimen, exclusive of the weight of the wheel. The load and wheel are adjusted for softer and harder materials. A haze measurement of final weight is taken after the exercise and results are expressed by changes in % haze or weight loss in mg/# of cycles.
ASTM D3511: Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester is a method of testing a fabric's susceptibility to pilling. This test utilizes nylon bristles to rub the surface of the test fabric for a specific amount of time. The number of pill balls is counted and given a rating of 1 to 5. Class 5 signifies no pilling, and class 1 signifies severe pilling.
ASTM D3597-D434: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics Over 6 Ounces per Square Yard is a method of measuring a fabric's ability to resist seam slippage. In this test, a seam is sewn in the test fabric using a standard thread, with a specific seam allowance and a specific number of stitches per inch. The sewn fabric is then clamped at opposing sides of the seam. As the clamps move apart, they apply tension at the sewn seam. This test is performed both in the warp and weft directions and the tension is increased until the seam separates to a specific distance. The number of pounds required to cause separation determines the rating.
ASTM D4034: Standard Test Method for Resistance to Yarn Slippage at the Sewn Seam in Woven Upholstery Fabrics is a method of measuring a fabric's ability to resist seam slippage. In this test, a seam is sewn in the test fabric using a standard thread, with a specific seam allowance and a specific number of stitches per inch. The sewn fabric is then clamped at opposing sides of the seam. As the clamps move apart, they apply tension at the sewn seam. This test is performed both in the warp and weft directions and the tension is increased until the seam separates to a specific distance. The number of pounds required to cause separation determines the rating.
ASTM D4157: Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Wyzenbeek Abrasion Tester Method) is a means of testing a fabric's abrasion durability and suitability; it is also known as a "rub test" and is generally performed in the US. In the Wyzenbeek method of testing abrasion, the test fabric is pulled tight in a frame and held stationary while a plain, cotton duck fabric is rubbed back and forth. The number of double rub cycles achieved before two yarn breaks occur is how the rating is determined.
The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) has set allowable thresholds for acceptable abrasion results, ranging from 15,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for general contract upholstery, to 30,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for heavy-duty upholstery, to 50,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for heavy-duty coated upholstery fabrics. Often extreme wear situations may require higher level abrasion resistance, for example, 24-hour facilities and public gathering places such as theaters, stadiums, lecture halls, etc.
ASTM D4966: Standard Method for Abrasion Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester is a method of testing a fabric's abrasion resistance. In this test, test specimens are laundered three times and then conditioned in atmospheric conditions for textiles. The specimen is then mounted in the bottom table as well as in the specimen holder. A Martindale test is performed with one specimen acting as the test specimen and one specimen acting as the abradant. The machine is run for 100 cycles and evaluated and may be run up to 1,000 cycles with 100-cycle evaluation intervals. The samples are evaluated in a viewing apparatus against photographic standards or against an in-house specimen.
ASTM D4970: Standard Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester is a method of testing a fabric's susceptibility to pilling. In this test, test specimens are laundered three times and then conditioned in atmospheric conditions for textiles. The specimen is then mounted in the bottom table as well as in the specimen holder. A Martindale test is performed with one specimen acting as the test specimen and one specimen acting as the abradant. The machine is run for 100 cycles and evaluated and may be run up to 1,000 cycles with 100-cycle evaluation intervals. The samples are evaluated in a viewing apparatus against photographic standards or against an in-house specimen.
ASTM D5034: Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics by the Grab Test is a method of testing a fabric's breaking strength. In the test, the fabric is put into a machine that grips the fabric with two clamps. One clamp is stationary and the other moves away, applying tension until the fabric breaks or ruptures. The test is performed in both the warp and weft directions. The number of pounds required to cause the fabric to break determines the rating.
ASTM D5733: Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Non-woven Fabrics by the Trapezoid Procedure is a method of testing the tearing strength of non-woven fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension tensile testing machine. In the test, an isosceles triangle is marked on a 200mm x 76mm rectangular test specimen. The two nonparallel sides are gripped in parallel flat faced clamps, and the required strain is applied. A continuous tear is propagated in this way and the maximum force recorded.
ASTM D751: Standard Test Methods for Coated Fabrics is a means of testing the mechanical properties of coated fabrics. The specific tests include: breaking strength - procedure A (grab test method), breaking strength - procedure B (cut strip test method, elongation, bursting strength, puncture resistance, tearing strength - procedure B (tongue tear method), trapezoidal tear, adhesion coating to fabrics, tack-tear resistance, seam strength, dead load seam strength, crush resistance.
BASF nylon is a man-made nylon fiber made from nonrenewable resources. BASF is a registered trademark of BASF Corporation.
Bella-Dura® fiber is a stain-resistant, solution-dyed polyolefin with a silver-based antimicrobial. Used in conjunction with the topical finish Greenshield®, Bella-Dura yarns can achieve Cradle-to-Cradle Certification. Bella-Dura is a registered trademark of Wearbest Sil-Tex Mills. Greenshield is a registered trademark of BigSky Technologies, LLC.
Commercial or industrial products (other than food or feed) are considered Bio-Based when they are composed in whole, or in significant part, of biological products, renewable agricultural materials (including plant, animal and marine materials), or forestry materials. These also include bio-based intermediate ingredients or feed stocks. The USDA has established minimum bio-based content standards for many products, and a product (or package) must meet or exceed the minimum bio-based content percentage in order to use the Certified Bio-Based Product label.
This is an applied finish and backing combination that contains a bio-based antimicrobial agent, a backing that aids in moisture absorption, and a fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry free of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
A biodegradable substance is capable of being broken down especially into innocuous products by the action of living things (as microorganisms) and return to compounds found in nature.
Bleach is the name used for a number of chemicals that remove color, whiten, or disinfect, often via oxidization or reduction reactions. Chlorine is the basic chemical component for most bleaches. Oxidizing agents that do not contain chlorine are most often peroxide-based, such as hydrogen peroxide. Most bleaches are used for disinfecting and in the control of bacteria.
BLOCKAIDE™ Fluid Barrier Treatment is a stain-resistant finish with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. BLCOKAIDE is a trademark of Edmar Chemical Company.
The Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA) is a nonprofit trade association that addresses a variety of issues related to business and institutional furniture manufacturers, including performance and sustainability standards.
In a C4-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry, telomerization produces a chain length of 4 units that break down more rapidly in the environment than C6 chemistry. A downside of fewer fluorocarbons is that it could render the textile less stain resistant that C6 chemistry, and often more of the chemical has to be used to create the same effect as C6 or even C8 chemistry.
In a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry, telomerization produces a chain length of 6 units that break down more rapidly in the environment than C8 chemistry. C6 chemistry is closest chemically to C8, but it contains no perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the formulation. A downside of fewer fluorocarbons is that it could render the textile less stain resistant that C8 chemistry and often more of the chemical has to be used to create the same effect as C8 chemistry.
In C8-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry, the backbone of the carbon chain is made of 8 carbon atoms. Two different methods are used to produce this chemistry:
1) Electro fluorination, which uses electrolysis to replace hydrogen atoms with fluorine atoms to create the 8-unit chain. As a result, the chain contains just carbon and fluorine. A small amount of perfluorooctane sulphonate (PFOS) is created during this process.
2) Telomerization is the chemical equivalent of making a daisy chain. Telomerization produces mini polymers by joining single units together in chains. The usual aim is to produce chains that are an average of 8 units long, but often a range of chain lengths will result – from 4 units to 14 units in length (C4 to C14). In this method, a small amount of by-product called perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is produced.
CA Section 01350 is a standard specification developed by the State of California to cover key environmental performance issues related to the selection and handling of building materials and is intended to help reduce the impact of building materials on indoor air quality and health. Section 01350 covers environmental and public health considerations for building projects, establishes goals and provides guidelines for: energy, materials, water efficiency, indoor air quality, nontoxic performance standards for cleaning and maintenance products, and sustainable site planning and landscaping considerations. GREENGUARD® Gold™ certified products, and products certified with SCS Indoor Advantage and Indoor Advantage Gold comply with CA Section 01350 indoor air quality requirements.
California Technical Bulletin #117, also known as CAL 117, is the standard for testing the flame retardance of materials used in upholstered furniture. CAL 117 determines the ease of ignition and the burning rate when a material is subject to an open flame for one second. Depending on how quickly the material burns, it is given a pass/fail rating. A Class 1, or pass rating, is given if:
1. A 5" section of fabric is consumed in 3.5 or more seconds (less than 3.5 seconds is a failure). For raised surface fabric, the minimum burn time is increased to 4 seconds.
2. The fabric does not ignite.
California Technical Bulletin #117-2013 is a semi-composite burn test that supersedes the previous California Bulletin #117. Instead of determining ease of ignition when material is subject to an open flame, the new law determines ease of ignition when a cigarette is left to smolder on the material. If any of the following criteria occur, the material has failed the test:
1. The material continues to smolder after 45 seconds;
2. A char develops more than 1.8" in any direction from the cigarette;
3. The material transitions to open flaming.
If the upholstery material fails the test, it may still be used but must be used with a CAL 117-2013 compliant barrier material.
Products that met the previous CAL 117 standard must be retested to the new standard unless the product previously met NFPA 260. All products that were tested and passed NFPA 260, have been grandfathered in to this new standard.
California Technical Bulletin #133, also know as CAL 133, is a full burn test that tests the flame retardance of a complete piece of furniture, including fabric, foam, and frame. In this test, a square gas burner is placed on the test furniture, is ignited, and allowed to burn for 80 seconds. Measurements of temperature, mass loss of the furniture, concentrations of carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and opacity of smoke are made in addition to heat release measurements based upon oxygen consumption. Depending on how the piece of furniture rates against these criteria, it is given a pass/fail rating.
Capstone® Repellant is a stain resistant-finish with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Capstone is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates.
A Cation is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.
The Center for Health Design (CHD) was formed in 1993 by a small group of pioneering healthcare and design professionals committed to advancing the idea that design could be used to improve patient outcomes in healthcare environments. CHD's mission is to transform healthcare environments for a healthier, safer world through design research, education, and advocacy.
Chemical Fabrics & Fill Association (CFFA) - 141: Stain Resistance, Method 1 is a test that measures the resistance of the surface of coated fabrics to staining by common household chemicals and/or different staining compounds.
Chitosan is a nontoxic carbohydrate found in the shells of crustaceans. Chitosan is a by-product of the fishing industry and is a rapidly renewable resource that has antimicrobial properties.
Cleangene™ is a urethane-based stain resistant finish applied to polyurethane textiles.The addition of silicone in Cleangene™+Silicone provides enhanced stain protection. Cleangene is a registered trademark of Nassimi, LLC.
Cleaning involves the removal of visible soil from objects and surfaces using water with detergents or enzymatic products. Cleaning is a form of decontamination that renders the surface safe to handle or use by removing organic matter, salts, and visible soils, all of which interfere with microbial inactivation.
Cleaning residue is the residue left behind after using a cleaner. Residue remains when inadequate rinsing has occurred and leftover residue often attracts dirt that over time may be harmful to fibers and other materials.
Climatex® Lifecycle™ fiber is an upholstery collection that is intended to break down after use and return to the earth. Climatex Lifecycle is Cradle-to-Cradle CertifiedCM. Climatex is a registered trademark and Lifecycle a trademark of Gessner AG. Cradle-to-Cradle Certified is a trademark of the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute.
Climatex® Lifeguard FR™ fiber is an upholstery product similar to Climatex Lifecycle™ but with added fire retardancy (FR). Climatex Lifeguard is Cradle-to-Cradle CertifiedCM. Climatex is a registered trademark and Lifeguard FR a trademark of Gessner AG. Cradle-to-Cradle Certified is a trademark of the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute.
Colorfastness to Light is the measure of a fabric's performance when it is exposed to the fading effect of light. Textiles must meet the below minimum testing requirements for specific applications.
Upholstery, Direct Glue Wallcovering, Wrapped Panel and Upholstered Wall: AATCC 16 Option 1 or Option 3, Grade 4 minimum at 40 hours
Window Covering: AATCC 16 Option 1 or Option 3, Grade 4 minimum at 60 hours
Comonomer is a group of monomers that when polymerized form a copolymer.
The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is an independent agency of the US government that reports to Congress and the President. The CPSC is responsible for regulating the sale and manufacture of consumer products and fulfills its mission by banning dangerous consumer products, issuing recalls of products already on the market, and researching potential hazards associated with consumer products.
Copolymer is a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer.
A cotton fiber is a natural cellulose fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant. Cotton fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and either used alone, or can also be combined with synthetic materials to make blends.
Cradle to Cradle product certification, which began as a proprietary life cycle certification system by Michael Braungart and William McDonough, is now part of the nonprofit Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. The five certification criteria are: material health, material reutilization, assessment of energy required for production, water, and social responsibility. The certification is available at several levels: basic, silver, gold, and platinum. Cradle to Cradle Certified is a trademark of the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute.
Cradle to Cradle design (C2C) is a biometric approach to the design of products and systems that evaluates the economic, industrial, and social framework of products and seeks to create systems that are efficient and waste free. This life cycle model is not limited to industrial design and manufacturing; it can be applied to many aspects of human civilization, such as urban environments, buildings, economics, and social systems.
Crypton® is a silver-based antimicrobial stain-resistant finish with an impermeable backing. The stain-resistant chemistry is a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Crypton is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
Crypton® Green is a silver-based antimicrobial stain-resistant finish with impermeable backing. It is applied to woven textiles that have greater than 50 percent recycled content. It utilizes a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Crypton is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
Crypton® INCASE™ Fabric Protection is a silver-based antimicrobial stain-resistant finish with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Crypton is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
Crypton® Outdoor is a silver-based antimicrobial stain-resistant finish with UV-additive intended for products in an outdoor application. It utilizes a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. The fabric must be used in combination with textile base (solution-dyed fibers and package- and piece-dyed polyesters) in order to achieve UV resistance. Crypton is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
The Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) is an agency of the government of the state of California. The mission of the DTSC is to provide the highest level of safety and to protect public health and the environment from toxic harm. DTSC recently developed a program called Safer Consumer Products Program (SCP) for identifying and substituting hazardous chemicals in products that pose a threat to public health and the environment of consumer products sold in to California. The goals of this program are: to reduce toxic chemicals in consumer products; create new business opportunities in the emerging safer consumer products economy; and reduce the burden on consumers and businesses struggling to identify product content.
A disinfectant is a substance applied to nonliving objects to destroy microorganisms that are living on the objects. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores. Disinfectants are less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of life.
Disinfecting refers to killing a high percentage of the germs on a surface or rendering them incapable of reproducing.
Disperse dyeing is a means of dyeing synthetic fibers like polyester, nylon, and acrylic usually carried out in high temperatures. There are three classes of disperse dyes: low-energy dyes have a low molecular weight, low polarity, high dyeing rate, and low colorfastness to light; medium-energy dyes have moderate molecular weight, moderate polarity, moderate dyeing rate, and moderate colorfastness to lights; and high-energy dyes have a high molecular weight, high polarity, low dyeing rate, and high colorfastness to light.
Double rubs is a measurement of a fabric's abrasion resistance. Double rubs are determined by the Wyzenbeek Test, an abrasion test performed mostly in the US.
Ease™ is a branded stain resistant finish with a C8-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry.
Eco-Intelligent Polyester® fiber is a polyester yarn free of the catalyst antimony trioxide. Eco-Intelligent Polyester is Cradle-to-Cradle CertifiedCM. Eco-Intelligent Polyester is a registered trademark of Victor Innovatex, Inc. Cradle-to-Cradle Certified is a trademark of the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute.
Eco-Intelligent Polyester® Post-Consumer Recycled Polyester fiber with Agion® Silver-Based Antimicrobial is a post-consumer recycled polyester yarn free of antimony and including a silver-based antimicrobial additive. Eco-Intelligent Polyester is a registered trademark of Victor Innovatex, Inc. Agion is a registered trademark of Sciessent LLC.
The Ecological and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigments Manufacturers (ETAD) is an international organization that provides a code of ethics to address product safety information, establishes labeling and safety standards, and imposes chemical regulations on ETAD member companies in an effort to continually improve the industry's responsible management of synthetic organic colorants and dyes.
The Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a quantified means of reporting the environmental data of products based on a life cycle assessment.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA is responsible for preventing and detecting environmental crimes, informing the public of environmental enforcement, and setting and monitoring standards of air pollution, water pollution, hazardous wastes, and chemicals.
The European Union (EU) Ecolabel, independently verified and endorsed by the European Commission, is a voluntary label awarded to products that have undergone a rigorous life cycle analysis and meet specific ecological criteria from the extraction of raw materials, through manufacture, packaging, distribution, and use and disposal of the product. The EU Ecolabel is applicable for producers, importers, and retailers of products.
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is a US federal law that authorizes the EPA to review and register agrochemicals (pesticides) for specified uses and grants the EPA the authority to suspend or cancel registrations if it is shown that continued use would pose unreasonable risk to human health or to the environment. Registration can only be done after extensive data collection to determine the effectiveness for the intended use of the chemical, which includes appropriate dosage and hazards of the particular material. When registration is complete, a label is created to instruct on the proper usage of the material.
A filament yarn consists of filament fibers which are long, continuous fibers either twisted or grouped together to make yarn.
Flammability is the measure of a fabric's performance when it is exposed to specific sources of ignition. Textiles must meet these minimum testing requirements for specific applications though additional flammability testing may be required on a project-by-project basis over and above these requirements:
Upholstery: California Technical Bulletin #117
Direct Glue Wallcovering and Adhered Panel: ASTM E 84 (Adhered Mounting Method) - Class A or Class 1
Wrapped Panel and Upholstered Wall: ASTM E 84 (Unadhered Mounting Method) - Class A or Class 1
Window Covering: NFPA 701
Fluorine is a member of the halogen family and the most reactive of all of the elements. Fluorine is capable of combining with nearly every other element in the periodic table.
Also referred to as perfluorocarbons (or PFCs), fluorocarbons are compounds that contain only carbon and fluorine bonded together in strong carbon-fluorine bonds. Fluorocarbons are used primarily as lubricants, refrigerants, nonstick coatings, and in making resins and plastics. There are various types of fluorocarbons consisting of: CFC (chloro fluoro carbon), HCFC (hydro chloro fluoro carbon), and HFC (hydro fluoro carbon). CFC, a type of fluorocarbon that contains chlorine, has been completely banned due to its ozone damaging potential. HCFCs also contain chlorine but contain hydrogen as well, lessening its ozone damaging potential. Despite this, HCFCs are on their way to total abolition due to the fact that HFCs are now widely available. HFCs do not contain chlorine, but hydrogen instead, and are used currently as refrigerants and solvents, among other uses.
Fluorochemical is a chemical compound containing fluorine.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs, vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices, and veterinary products.
FORBID Stain Resistant Technology is a stain- and ink- resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles. It does not render the textile "ink proof." FORBID is a registered trademark of Enduratex™.
Generic backings are often added to textiles to aid in stability, rigidity, and resilience.
Graffiti-Free® is a stain- and ink-resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles. It does not render the textile "ink proof." Graffiti-Free is a registered trademark of Pointe International, Inc.
GreenBlue® is a nonprofit organization founded in 2002 that focuses on guiding businesses and industry toward sustainable design and production. Current projects include: the Sustainable Packaging Coalition, a working group of leading companies across the packaging supply chain recognized as the leading voice on packaging sustainability; Metafore, which implements innovations related to evaluating, selecting and manufacturing environmentally preferable wood and paper products; and CleanGredients, a chemicals database that helps companies identify environmentally preferable chemicals for use in consumer products. GreenBlue also evaluates, audits and certifies companies for compliance with standards. GreenBlue is a registered trademark of GreenBlue.
GREENGUARD® certification verifies that chemical and particle emissions of certified products fall within acceptable indoor air quality pollutant thresholds. Products are tested for emissions of formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), respirable particles, ozone, and other pollutants using environmental chamber protocols designed to simulate typical indoor environments. Maximum allowable emission levels are defined by the State of Washington’s indoor air quality program for new construction, the US Environmental Protection Agency’s procurements specifications, recommendations from the World Health Organization, Germany’s Blue Angel Program for electronic equipment, LEED for New Construction, and LEED for Commercial Interiors. GREENGUARD is a registered trademark of Underwriters Laboratories LLC.
GREENGUARD Gold™ certification is a separate program tailored to the needs of children who have a greater sensitivity to indoor air quality. GREENGUARD Gold sets lower thresholds on allowable emissions by a factor of 0.43 to account for the needs of educational environments. GREENGUARD Gold certified textiles comply with CA Section 01350 requirements for schools and are accepted for Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) Low-Emitting Materials credits. GREENGUARD is a registered trademark and GREENGUARD Gold is a trademark of Underwriter Laboratories LLC.
Greenshield® is a stain-resistant finish with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry based on nanotechnology. Greenshield is Cradle to Cradle Certified and is certified by Scientific Certification Systems (SCS) as a Low Fluorocarbon treatment product. Greenshield is a registered trademark of BigSky Technologies, LLC.
Greenweave™ Polyester is a post-consumer recycled polyester yarn. Greenweave Polyester is Cradle to Cradle CertifiedCM. Greenweave is a trademark of Weave Corporation. Cradle to Cradle Certified is a trademark of the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute.
Halogen is a group of toxic elements produced from minerals or salts, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine.
The Health Environments Research & Design (HERD) Journal is a peer-reviewed publication that strives to enhance the knowledge and practice of evidence-based healthcare design by disseminating research findings, discussing issues and trends, and translating research to practice. The journal’s editorial board includes representatives from the healthcare and design industries, environmental and behavioral psychology, and neurosciences.
The Health Product Declaration (HPD) is a format for conveying details about product content and associated health hazard information of building products created by The Health Product Declaration Collaborative, a customer-led organization for companies and individuals. The main goal of an HPD is to help manufacturers communicate important data in a consistent and transparent manner so consumers can make an informed decision when specifying, purchasing, and using building products.
The Health Product Declaration Collaborative (HPDC) is an organization committed to the continuous improvement of the building industry's environmental and health performance through transparency and innovation in the building product supply chain. The HPDC was instrumental in creating the Health Product Declaration Open Standard, a standard format that systemizes reporting language to enable the transparent disclosure of information.
High-energy dyeing is a means of dyeing polyester fibers at high temperatures in order to impart the qualities of a solution-dyed textile to a textile that has been fiber, yarn, or piece dyed. Through heat and pressure in the dyeing process, pigment is pushed deep into the core of fiber and yarn, resulting in a textile that is uniformly pigmented through its core. As a result, high-energy dyed yarns have high colorfastness to light and can be resistant to many chemicals, including bleach.
Hydrogen Peroxide is a clear liquid often used as bleach or a cleaning agent.
A textile that is impermeable does not allow the passage of liquid, though there are varying degrees of permeability depending on the pressure applied and the porosity of the material. A textile's permeability is tested using a Suter Tester, a specific machine intended to test the water-pressure resistance and endurance of an impermeable textile.
This is an applied finish that helps to prevent the staining of ink. It does not render the textile "ink proof."
ISO 1419 Tropical Test Method C, also known as a hydrolysis or "jungle test," is used to evaluate a polyurethane textile’s ability to withstand exposure to extended periods of heat and humidity. In the test, polyurethane textiles are placed into a chamber that simulates extreme fluctuations in humidity and temperature levels. The textiles are then visually inspected for signs of cracking, peeling, or delamination. The amount of time in weeks it takes for the polyurethane layers to break down or delaminate is then determined. According to the Association for Contract Textiles (ACT), polyurethane textiles must not show signs of cracking, peeling, or delamination for a minimum of 5 weeks. Importantly, there is no direct correlation of testing weeks to years of service in the field.
Keratin is a family of fibrous proteins and the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin, hair, and nails, and can also be found in horn, feathers, hoofs, claws, bills, etc.
Latex backings are used primarily for upholstery textiles.
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool to quantify the potential environmental impacts of materials, processes, and products associated with all stages of the life cycle from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal and recycling. The most common LCA impacts determined are Global Warming Potential (carbon footprint), Acidification Potential, Eutrophication, Ozone Depletion, and Human and Eco Toxicity. There are two main types of LCAs. Attributional LCAs seek to establish the burdens associated with the production and use of a product, at a point in time. Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of a decision or proposed change in a system under study, which means that the market and economic implications of a decision may have to be taken into account. Social LCA is currently under development and assesses the social implications or potential impacts. Social LCAs should be thought of as complementary to environmental LCAs.
A linen fiber is a natural cellulose fiber made from the fibers of the flax plant.
The Martindale method is a means of testing a fabric's abrasion durability and suitability; it is also known as a "rub test" and is generally performed in the UK and Europe. In the Martindale method of testing abrasion, fabric samples are held mounted flat and rubbed in a figure-eight motion using a piece of worsted wool as the abradant. The number of cycles that the fabric can endure before fabric shows objectionable changes in appearance (yarn breakage, pilling, holes) is counted, and the number of cycles determines the abrasion rating.
The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) has set allowable thresholds for acceptable abrasion results, ranging from 20,000 cycles Martindale method for general contract upholstery, to 40,000 cycles Martindale method for heavy-duty upholstery. Often extreme wear situations may require higher level abrasion resistance, for example, 24-hour facilities and public gathering places such as theaters, stadiums, lecture halls, etc.
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism. Microorganisms include forms of bacteria and fungi, but do not include viruses, which are generally considered nonliving. Microorganisms live almost everywhere on Earth where there is liquid water and are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers. The microbes that invade other organisms and cause disease are known as pathogens.
A mohair fiber is a natural protein fiber made from the hair of the Angora goat.
A moisture barrier resists the diffusion of moisture through a surface. It is known to have varying degrees of permeability.
A monomer is a molecule that binds to other molecules to form a polymer. The most common natural monomer is glucose, which can be linked into polymers such as cellulose and starch. Most often the term monomer refers to the organic molecules that form synthetic polymers, such as vinyl chloride, which is used to produce the polymer polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
MorCare™ is a vinyl upholstery product containing antimicrobial properties with an undisclosed formulation. MorCare is a trademark of Morbern, Inc.
Nano-Tex® is a stain-resistant finish with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Nano-Tex is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
Nano-Tex® with BioAM is a silane-based antimicrobial with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Nano-Tex is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
Nano-Tex® with Durablock is a stain-resistant finish with impermeable backing with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Nano-Tex is a registered trademark of The Crypton Companies.
NanoSphere® is a stain resistant-finish with a C6-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. NanoSphere is a registered trademark of Schoeller Textiles AG.
Non-woven textiles are flat or tufted porous sheets that are made directly from separate fibers, molten plastic, or plastic film. They are not made by weaving or knitting and do not require converting the fibers to yarn.
NSF International has been testing and certifying products for safety, health, and the environment for more than 65 years. As an independent nonprofit organization, NSF's mission is to protect public health and the environment through standards development, inspection, testing, and certification for the food, water, and building materials. NSF International operates in more than 120 countries worldwide.
NSF/ANSI 336 is a multi-attribute ANSI standard that assesses the level of the sustainability of commercial furnishings fabrics developed by NSF International in collaboration with the Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) and is modeled after other similar sustainability standards. NSF/ANSI 336 sets levels of performance for commercial furnishings fabrics to address environmental, economic, and social responsibility elements of sustainability. NSF/ANSI 336 is a voluntary set of guidelines and assesses a range of environmental issues specific to textile manufacturing practices including: fiber sourcing, safety of materials, water conservation and water quality, energy, recycling practices, air quality in manufacturing, and social accountability. Certification is based on point totals to achieve Compliant, Silver, Gold, or Platinum, and organizations may achieve first-party, second-party, or third-party conformance.
A nylon backing is a woven backing used primarily for upholstery textiles.
A nylon fiber is a synthetic thermoplastic, silky fiber that is often solution dyed.
OEKO-TEX® is a European toxicity test that evaluates textiles for the presence of a broad array of harmful substances that may cause potential health impacts through direct skin contact. The scope covers textile raw materials, intermediate, and end product at all stages of production. Four classes of certification are granted to textiles that meet or fall below specified limits for a broad array of chemicals:
An organic cotton fiber is a cotton fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant. Cotton fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and either used alone, or can also be combined with synthetic materials to make blends. Organic cotton is produced without chemical assistance or additives.
Parapel is a stain-resistant finish with a C8-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry.
A athogen is any microorganism that causes disease in its host. Pathogens are also widely referred to as germs, and the most common are viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Pathogens have been responsible for causing smallpox, influenza, mumps, measles, chickenpox, ebola, and rubella.
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) is a key ingredient in numerous stain repellents and also has been identified by the EPA as a likely carcinogen and possible cause of birth defects. PFOS is different than perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in that it contains sulfonic acid. PFOS has been widely phased out of production due to the EPA's efforts.
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a by-product of the stain resistant finish manufacturing process. The EPA has identified PFOA as a likely carcinogen and a possible cause of birth defects. PFOA is sometimes referred to as C8, referring to the number of carbon atoms present. More recently C6 and even C4 chemistries have been developed and these chemistries are widely thought to be PFOA-Free. While it is true that the amount of PFOA in these finishing formulations is greatly diminished (and continues to go down), parts per trillion are still detectable. PFOA is also produced indirectly through the gradual breakdown of fluorotelomers meaning that a stain resistant finish may be formulated with no detectable amounts of PFOA (C4 and C6 chemistries for example) yet still produce PFOA when the chemicals begin to decompose.
PERMABLOK3® is an antimicrobial stain-resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles. The formulation of the antimicrobial in PERMABLOK3 is undisclosed. PERMABLOK3 is a registered trademark of Spradling International, Inc.
Permablok3® with Silverguard® is a stain-resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles with two methods of antimicrobial protection. The antimicrobial in Permablock3 is undisclosed, and Silverguard is silver-based. PERMABLOK3 and Silverguard are registered trademarks of Spradling International, Inc.
Permaguard® is a stain- and ink-resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles. It does not render the textile "ink proof." Permaguard is a registered trademark of Spradling International, Inc.
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. The term pesticide also refers to herbicides, fungicides, and other substances used to control pests.
Pesticide registration is the process by which the EPA examines the ingredients of a pesticide and evaluates the pesticide to ensure it will not have adverse effects on humans and the environment. Pesticides must be registered before they are sold or distributed in the US, and once registered a pesticide may not be legally used unless the use is consistent with the approved directions for use provided on the label. Note that the EPA does not test efficacy of a product; it only measures the adverse effects it could have on human health and the environment.
This is an applied finish with a fluorocarbon-based stain-resistant chemistry free of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
This is an applied finish with a fluorocarbon-based stain-resistant chemistry free of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) that also aids in stain resistance.
Phenol is an aromatic compound found in many household and hospital-grade cleaners (also known as phenolic cleaners). A by-product of the petroleum industry, phenol and its vapors are corrosive to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract after repeated or prolonged contact.
Physical Properties is the measure of a fabric's susceptibility to form small balls of fiber on the surface of the fabric; the measurement of stress exerted to pull a fabric apart under tension; and the movement of yarns in a fabric that occurs when it is pulled apart at the seam. Textiles must meet these minimum testing requirements for specific applications:
Upholstery - Woven Fabrics: Brush Pill - ASTM D3511, Class 3 minimum or Martindale Tester ASTM D4970, Class 3 minimum; Breaking Strength - ASTM D5034, 50 lbs. minimum in warp and weft; Seam Slippage - ASTM D4034, 25 lbs. minimum in warp and weft.
Upholstery - Coated Fabrics: Adhesion of Coating - ASTM D751, 3lbf/in minimum; Tear Strength - ASTM2261 Tongue Tear Knits & Woven Substrates, 4x4 lbs., ASTM D5733 Non-Woven Substrates, 15 x 15 lbs.; Hydrolysis Resistance (applicable to polyurethanes only) - ISO 1419 (Tropical Test Method C), 5 weeks
Direct Glue Wallcovering and Adhered Panel: No minimum testing requirements.
Wrapped Panel and Upholstered Wall: Brush Pill - no minimum testing requirements; Breaking Strength - ASTM D5034, 35 lbs. minimum in warp and weft; Seam Slippage - no minimum testing requirements.
Window Covering: Brush Pill - no minimum testing requirements; Breaking strength - no minimum testing requirements; Seam Slippage - ASTM D3597-D434 for fabrics over 6 oz. per square yard, 25 lbs. minimum in warp and weft.
A polyester fiber is a generic name for a group of synthetic fibers made from polyethylene.
Polyester knit backings are used both in upholstery and drapery applications. Adding a knit backing enhances fabric tear strength.
Polymers are created via the polymerization of many monomers. Consequently, they have a large molecular mass that produces unique physical properties including toughness, elasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and semi crystalline structures. Amber, wool, silk, natural rubber, and cellulose are examples of natural polymeric materials. Synthetic rubber, neoprene, nylon, vinyl, polyethylene, polypropylene, and silicone are examples of a synthetic polymeric material.
A polyolefin fiber is a synthetic fiber produced from polymers that contain greater than 85 percent polymerized ethylene, propylene, or other olefin unit.
A polypropylene fiber is a synthetic fiber made of propylene.
A polyurethane textile is a non-woven textile made by laminating a thin film of polyurethane to a polyester weave. Certain textures or embosses may not be as stain resistant as others. To create textures in polyurethane textiles, release papers are pressed into the molten polyurethane surface during production.
Polyurethane with Agion® Silver-Based Antimicrobial is a polyurethane textile with a silver-based antimicrobial added to the product in the molten state, as opposed to topically finished. Agion is a registered trademark of Sciessent LLC.
This is a polyurethane textile with a silane-based antimicrobial added to the product in the molten state, as opposed to topically finished.
This is a polyurethane textile with a silver-based antimicrobial added to the product in the molten state, as opposed to topically finished.
Post-consumer recycled polyester is recovered from the consumer supply chain, primarily from beverage bottles (PET), which are recycled, ground, and then processed as a polyester staple fiber.
A post-consumer recycled polyester yarn with a silver-based antimicrobial additive developed by Agion®. Agion is a registered trademark of Sciessent LLC.
Pre-consumer recycled polyester, also known as Post-Industrial polyester, is derived from waste generated during the manufacturing process.
PreFixx® is a stain- and ink-resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles.It does not rener the textile "ink proof." PreFixx is a registered trademark of OMNOVA Solutions, Inc.
The salts of quaternary ammonium cations, also known as "quats", are used as disinfectants, surfactants, fabric softeners, and antistatic agents. Quats have also been shown to have antimicrobial activity, especially those containing long alkyl chains. In contrast to phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds are not very effective in the presence of organic compounds, but they are effective in combination with phenols. Quats are deactivated by soaps, other anionic detergents, and cotton fibers, and are not recommended for use in hard water.
A rayon fiber is a semi-synthetic fiber produced from natural cellulosic material, which is then processed with chemicals in to a liquid and regenerated in to fiber.
Rayon from bamboo fiber is a semi-synthetic fiber produced from the natural cellulosic material of the bamboo plant, which is then processed with chemicals in to a liquid and regenerated into fiber.
Recycled polyester knit backings are made of recycled polyester.
Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical Substances (REACH) is the European Community Regulation on chemicals and their safe use. The aim of REACH is to improve human health through the identification of the properties of chemical substances by requiring manufacturers to gather information on the properties of their chemical substances, register the information in a central database run by the European Chemicals Agency, and to substitute Substances of Very High Concern when suitable alternatives have been identified.
Repreve® by Unifi®, Inc. is a fiber made of recycled materials including PET. The recycled yarns in Repreve are certified by SCS Global Services and Oeko-Tex Standard 100.
Generally caused by humidity and variations in temperature, reverse crocking and dye transfer occurs when dyes from clothing migrate and stain other materials such as upholstered furniture. Dye transfer is most noticeable when dark or highly saturated fabrics (denim, for example) come in contact with light colored fabrics. Dye transfer cannot be controlled, is not preventable, but can be reversed.
Sanitizing lowers the number of germs on surfaces to a safe level, as judged by public health standards or requirements. The process works by either cleaning or disinfection to reduce the risk of spreading infection.
SCS Global Services is a pioneer and leader in third-party certification and validation of environmental, sustainability, stewardship, life cycle assessment, and food quality and safety claims. Founded in the San Francisco bay area in 1984, its aim is to help companies achieve the highest level of environmental performance and social accountability. SCS evaluates companies for compliance with standards such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), USDA Organic, BIFMA level, Veriflora, Safe Quality Food (SQF), British Retail Consortium (BRC), and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) among others. SCS also audits and certifies accomplishments in greenhouse gas offsets, organic and sustainable agricultural production, food processing and handling, responsible forest management, responsible fisheries management, energy generation, green building, product manufacturing, and supply chain management.
Scotchguard™ is a stain-resistant finish with a C4-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Scotchguard is a trademark of the 3M Company.
Shield® by Panaz® Fiber is a stain-resistant, silane-based antimicrobial fiber intended to be used in a vertical application (cubicle curtain, shower curtain, etc.). Shield and Panaz are registered trademarks of Inpro Corporation.
Silane-based antimicrobial agents work by puncturing and rupturing bacteria cells. Since it is not consumed and does not dissipate, the antimicrobial agent is not depleted and continues to control microbial growth over time, meaning that the antimicrobial will be effective as long as the surface remains clean. Dirt buildup will inhibit the antimicrobial process. Silane-based antimicrobial agents have been known to be effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, MRSA, mold, mildew, fungi, and algae. Silane is a silicone derivative and is heavy metal free.
A silicone textile is a non-woven textile made by laminating silicone to a polyester weave.
Silk is an organic fiber produced by the cocoons of the silkworm. It is available in filament or staple form.
A silver-based antimicrobial agent works when silver ions disrupt microbe cell metabolism, inhibit microbe respiration, and inhibit cell reproduction. Silver ions can be added to the synthetic materials in the polymer state or they can be applied to textiles as a topical treatment. Silver is a heavy metal, however, the minute quantity used in antimicrobial applications has not been shown to impact human health. Silver-based antimicrobial agents have been known to be effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, MRSA, mold, mildew, fungi, and algae.
Silverguard™ is a silver-based antimicrobial finish applied to vinyl textiles. Silverguard is a trademark of Inteviron Pty Ltd.
Solution-dyed fibers have been dyed using a solution-dyeing process in which the pigment is added to the fiber at the molten state before extrusion. Solution-dyeing permanently locks in color, resulting in fabrics that have high colorfastness to light and can be resistant to many chemicals, including bleach.
Solution-dyed nylon has been dyed using a solution-dyeing method.
Solution-dyed polyester has been dyed using a solution-dyeing method.
Sta-Kleen® is a stain- and ink-resistant triclosan-based antimicrobial additive for faux leather textiles. It does not render the textile "ink proof." Sta-Kleen is a registered trademark of The Mitchell Group.
Stain release is a treatment that aids in releasing stains when cleaned with water. It is most commonly used on fabrics that will be laundered.
Stain repellent is a treatment that aids in repelling liquid from the fabric surface. Usually liquids will bead up and roll off the surface of the treated fabric.
Stain resistance is the ability of a fiber or chemical finish applied to a fiber that inhibits specific stains from adhering to or discoloring fabrics.
This is an applied finish with a fluorocarbon-based stain-resistant chemistry. Stain-resistant finishes aid in mitigating stains when stains are attended to promptly utilizing the proper cleaning protocol.
This is an applied finish and backing combination with a fluorocarbon-based stain-resistant chemistry that also aids in moisture absorption.
A staple yarn is a fiber of standardized length and may be of any composition. The staple length depends on the origin of the fibers. Natural fibers, such as cotton or wool, have a range of lengths in each sample so the staple length is an average. For synthetic fibers that have been cut to certain lengths, the staple length is the same for every fiber in the group.
Sterilization is a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores.
Substances are identified as Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) if they meet the classification criterion for a carcinogenic, mutagenic, or a reproductive toxin 1A or 1B in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CMR), or are persistent, bio accumulative, and toxic (PBT), or are very persistent and very bio accumulative (vPvB) according to REACH Annex XIII, or are identified to have significant scientific evidence that probable serious effects causing an equivalent level of concern as with a CMR or PBT/vPvB substance.
Sunbrella® Acrylic Fiber is a stain-resistant, solution-dyed acrylic fiber intended for outdoor use. Sunbrella is a registered trademark and Defiance is a trademark of Glen Raven, Inc.
Sustain is a stain-resistant finish with a C8-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry.
Sustainability Assessment for Commercial Furnishings Fabric (FACTS) is a voluntary, multi-attribute sustainability standard used to evaluate and certify the sustainability of commercial furnishings fabric. The standard addresses the environmental, economic, and social aspects of woven, non-woven, bonded, or knitted fabrics and incorporates life cycle assessment criteria that measures inputs, outputs, and the environmental impacts of textile products across their lifespan. Evaluations are completed in eight quantifiable areas, and certification is based on point totals. Organizations can choose to achieve first-party, second-party, or third-party conformance and, depending on total points achieved, textiles may attain Compliance, Silver, Gold, or Platinum level.
Teflon® is a stain-resistant finish with a C8-based fluorocarbon stain-resistant chemistry. Teflon is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company or its affiliates.
At this time, a national or international infrastructure to collect and process textiles at the end of their useful lives does not exist. For this reason, most textiles are not truly biodegradable or recyclable.
A branded polyester yarn with both flame retardant properties and silver-based antimicrobial in the fiber. Trevira CS bioactive polyester yarns are OEKO-TEX® Certified. Trevira is a registered trademark of Trevira GmbH. OEKO-TEX is a registered trademark of the OEKO-TEX Association.
Trevira® CS Polyester Fiber is a polyester yarn with flame-retardant properties in the fiber. Trevira CS Polyester yarns are OEKO-TEX® Certified. Trevira is a registered trademark of Trevira GmbH. OEKO-TEX is a registered trademark of the OEKO-TEX Association.
Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent intended to slow or stop the growth of bacteria, fungi, and mildew.
Type I environmental declarations qualitatively declare the environmental data of products by labeling in accordance with a pass/fail criterion for certain types of products. Products are assessed and verified, and passing products receive an eco-label.
Type II environmental declarations are for the self-declaration of claims. Information is both qualitatively and quantitatively assessed by manufacturers who declare the information they wish to declare about the environmental attributes of their product.
Type III environmental declarations declare the environmental data of products quantified through independent life cycle assessment (LCA) studies and third-party verification.
A vinyl textile is a non-woven textile made by laminating a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film to a polyester weave. Polyvinyl chloride is chiefly made with vinyl chloride, a gas that is highly toxic, flammable, and a known carcinogen. To achieve surface textures in vinyl textiles, an embossing roller is used.
This is a vinyl textile with a triclosan-based antimicrobial added to the product in the molten state, as opposed to topically finished.
A volatile organic compound (VOC) is any organic chemical that has high vapor pressure at ordinary, room temperature conditions. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (sometimes up to 10 times higher) than outdoors. The high vapor pressure causes large quantities of molecules to evaporate or sublimate from the liquid or solid form of the compound and enter the surrounding air. As a result, there are many health risks associated with VOCs. The EPA is responsible for regulating VOCs in the air, water, and land, and publishes testing methods for VOCs.
In weaving, the warp is the set of lengthwise yarns that are held in tension on a frame or loom. Because the warp is held under high tension during the weaving process, the warp yarn must be strong. Traditional fibers for warping are wool, linen, silk, cotton, nylon, and rayon.
A textile is considered water repellant if it is resistant but not impervious to penetration by water.
A textile is considered water resistant if it is resistant but not impervious to penetration by water.
A textile is considered waterfproof if it is completely impervious to water.
In weaving, the weft is the term for the thread or yarn that is drawn through the warp yarns to create cloth. Because the weft does not have to be stretched on a loom in the way that the warp does, it can generally be less strong.
Wet and Dry Crocking is the measure of the transfer of dye from the surface of a dyed or printed fabric onto another surface by rubbing. Textiles must meet these minimum testing requirements for specific applications:
Upholstery: AATCC 8 - Dry Crocking, Grade 4 minimum; Wet Crocking, Grade 3 minimum
Direct Glue Wallcovering, Wrapped Panel, and Upholstered Wall: AATCC 8 - Dry Crocking, Grade 3 minimum; Wet Crocking, Grade 3 minimum
Window Covering (solids): AATCC 8 - Dry Crocking, Grade 3 minimum; Wet Crocking, Grade 3 minimum
Window Covering (prints): AATCC 16 - Dry Crocking, Grade 3 minimum; Wet Crocking, Grade 3 minimum
Wool is a natural protein fiber derived from the woolen fleece of sheep.
Woven textiles are made of yarns interlaced in a regular order called a weave. Weave is the process of combining warp and weft components to make a woven structure.
Write-Off™ is a stain- and ink-resistant finish applied to vinyl textiles. It does not render the textile "ink proof."
The Wyzenbeek method is a means of testing a fabric's abrasion durability and suitability; it is also known as a "rub test" and is generally performed in the US. In the Wyzenbeek method of testing abrasion, the test fabric is pulled tight in a frame and held stationary while a plain, cotton duck fabric is rubbed back and forth. The number of double rub cycles achieved before two yarn breaks occur is how the rating is determined.
The Association for Contract Textiles (ACT) has set allowable thresholds for acceptable abrasion results, ranging from 15,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for general contract upholstery, to 30,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for heavy-duty upholstery, to 50,000 double rubs Wyzenbeek method for heavy-duty coated upholstery fabrics. Often extreme wear situations may require higher level abrasion resistance, for example, 24-hour facilities and public gathering places such as theaters, stadiums, lecture halls, etc.
X-Static® Fiber is a polyester yarn with both flame-retardant properties and silver-based antimicrobial in the fiber. X-Static is a registered trademark of Noble Biomaterials, Inc.
Zeftron® Nylon is a man-made nylon fiber. Zeftron is a registered trademark of Shaw Industries, Inc., a division of Berkshire Hathaway.
Zenus® Fiber is a polyester yarn with stain and ink resistance, embedded antimicrobial protection, and a moisture barrier. Zenus is a registered trademark of Zenus Fabric.
Zeolites are minerals commonly used as commercial adsorbents. Zeolites are widely used for water purification, are used to extract nitrogen from air to increase oxygen content for both industrial and medical purposes, and are widely found in laundry detergents as well as medicine and agriculture.
